Drunk Drivers Should Be Imprisoned in the 1st Offence

DRUNK DRIVERS SHOULD BE IMPIRSONED ON THE FIRST OFFENCE Drunk driving is the criminal offence of driving with a blood alcohol content (BAC) level higher than the local legal limit. The blood alcohol content (BAC) drink driving limit in Malaysia is 0.05%. Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is dangerous and drivers with high blood content or concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. There are a number of possible prevention measures examined here include suspending or revoking driver licenses, establishing DWI courts, impounding or confiscating vehicle plates, immobilizing vehicles, increasing penalties such as fines or jail for the drunk driving and mandating†¦show more content†¦Besides that, all the accident is avoidable. According to Perrotte, J. (2005), â€Å"Convicted murderer reaches out from prison,† he points out that drinking and drug problems require your immediate attention. It is of the utmost importance that you make immediate lifestyle ch anges, the kind that come from inner-convictions. If you think that it is all right to have a couple of drinks and drive home, think before you do. Besides that, if drunk drivers imprisoned on the first offence, it can educate others and if they are not made to pay for their mistake, they probably won’t learn their lesson. Parent always tell us you will learn something from your mistake. According to Braniac (2012), â€Å"How to learn from your past mistake,† she states that there will be times in our lives, when we will make some sort of mistakes. The only way that we can avoid making the same mistakes again, is to learn from them. All mistakes that are made have a lesson in them. It is up to us to find that lesson and apply it. Besides that, it also can educate others that they still have time to make change to prevent coming to this horrible place. According to Perrotte, J. (2005), â€Å"Convicted murderer reaches out from prison,† he point out that you can save the pain and suffering that comes from watching your family struggle, watching the people you love die while you sit in prison, and believing you r life is over. In addition, the offender can learn something from the prisonShow MoreRelatedIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesRoger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations: ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Editor’s Preface

Universe Free Essays

For this week’s essay it was asked of me to write about the ways in which life observed In nature can yield understanding In our own lives. From my own observation of nature I have learned that everyone has a role to play In life. No matter how small of a creature: there is something vital that it does for our existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Universe or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the following paragraphs I will be explaining this a bit more into detail. To make my perspective a bit more clear I will be providing a few examples. For example ants, ants are such small creatures and without doing any research hind; what ecological importance does an ant have? Honestly I can’t think of any Important roles an ant may have for our ecosystem so I did a bit of research. Ants turn and aerate the solo allowing water and oxygen to reach plant roots; they are also a very important part of the food web. Some species of ants eat termites: others are the actual meal for other animals such as frogs, bears, etc. Zebra mussels are small triangle shaped shells and are usually a brown color with stripes. In fresh water ecosystems they can act as filters for plankton, by clearing the eater sunlight can reach deeper Into the water; this lets more aquatic animals to grow. Although they do provide benefits to our ecosystem they can also be very damaging; they can clog pipes, they eat phytoplankton which leaves less food for fish and zooplankton. They tend to grow on manmade structures which affect the governments and business owners financial troubles. In my opinion difficulty plays an important role in our life; if we don’t experience the bad things how will we know what the good things are? I think that the hardships e face not only help us realize the good things in life but also help us learn to appreciate them. In my experience the sports adage – No pain, no gain Is true. To me It means that nothing worthwhile Is ever going to be easy. Is the gain ever worth the pain? Yes, yes it is. For example, I am in a long distance relationship right now. My boyfriend currently resides in Colorado while I’m living in Arizona. It’s definitely hard to be so far apart and not see each other that often and we both make sacrifices on each ends and it’s a struggle sometimes but in the end it’s Roth It. As far as what type of gain it has to be In order to be worthwhile Ill have to say that that’s subjective to each person. In conclusion, from observing nature I have learned that even when it doesn’t seem like we have a role to play we do have one. God has a plan for us and we should trust that, also even the smallest things can make a huge impact in our lives. How to cite Universe, Papers

Gooles final words Essay Example For Students

Gooles final words Essay My final point on the words of the Inspector, is his final speech,  But just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone taught it in fire and blood and anguish. Good Night.  These are Gooles final words to complete his lesson on responsibility. Although he is currently talking to the characters in the play at this moment, his words emerge like a sermon in a church might and he seems to be in fact addressing the audience as well to convey his message to them. He uses words like fire and blood and anguish, which makes him seem powerful and due to this unique choice of words, it becomes a very memorable speech. It also makes you realise the dramatic irony of this play, as we all know that World War 1 is just about to commence but the characters in the play are completely oblivious to it and Mr. Birling is positive that the war will not take place. In my opinion these final words from him are an example of how he talks to the audience without addressing them directly and it is this that convinces me that the role of Inspector Goole is purely a device used to convey to the audience the importance of community and moral responsibility. To conclude this, I think that the Inspectors dramatic function in An Inspector Calls is open to interpretation. For example in the 1954 black and white adaptation, the director has interpreted the Inspector as a being a ghost to frighten the family. This is shown by the sudden appearance of the inspector in the doorway coupled with very eerie music and his disappearance at the end of the play, whereas in the original script the technique used to make his arrival prominent is his name Goole. In my opinion, I think that the Inspector is Priestley himself simply using the inspector as a device to convey the message of responsibility to the audience. I also think this has been successfully achieved and is a very gripping and thought-provoking play. An inspector calls was written in 1945 by J.B Priestley. The play is set in 1912 and centres on Arthur Birling, a prosperous manufacturer and his family, who are celebrating the engagement of their daughter, when they are suddenly and dramatically interrupted by the arrival of the police inspector. The inspector, investigating the suicide of a young working-class woman, uncovers each of the familys shameful secrets that link them with the young girl and her death. Priestley was a strong believer in socialism, opposing capitalism which exploits and degrades the working classes to benefit the rich. Priestley believed that whether we acknowledged it or not, we are all part of one big community and have the responsibility to look after everyone else, no matter who they are or what their status is. In An inspector calls Priestley tries to highlight these beliefs and educate the audience on how they should treat one another. This message was particularly effective to the audiences of 1946 as, weary from the Second World War they were looking for change. The Inspectors quote of Fire, blood and anguish refers to the 1st and 2nd World Wars, would have had great emotional impact on the audience and caused them to think more deeply into the play and Priestleys message. During the Second World War social classes were forced to mix, children were evacuated to where was safest and not according to class, all young men were forced to mix in the Trenches and on the Front Line, the women left at home were forced to all work in the factories together, all of this causing friendships and relationships between different social classes to be formed. Clothes were rationed, so soon everybody looked the same and social class become harder to distinguish, everyone worked together for the good of the country and social barriers between the classes began to fall. .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .postImageUrl , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:hover , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:visited , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:active { border:0!important; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:active , .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681 .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd6e59dba891c8396f9e78db3d5c6681:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In what way does "Romeo Juliet" reflect the time in Which It was written and what is its relevance to a modern audience? EssayWritten just after the war Priestley gives the audience the chance to go back to their old ways of social classes and boundaries and face another World War or to move forward with this new way of living, where everyone is equal and there are no class barriers.  The family have placed themselves in a kind of dolls house, shutting out the rest of the world, shutting out any opposing opinions or any of the terrible things that happen in the real world to other people. The inspectors visit will be the catalyst that will shatter all of these fake thou ghts and feelings, Mr Birling in particular is very guilty of the selfish capitalist opinions which contrast to Priestleys and later the Inspectors opinions. When the inspector calls on the Birling family, they, and Gerald Croft are in the midst of a family celebration, all are dressed in expensive evening wear and having just finished a their meal the men are smoking cigars and all are drinking toasts to themselves, feeling full of self importance, and rather pleased with life.  Mr Birling is described as a heavy-looking, rather portentous man in his middle fifties with fairly easy manners but rather provincial in his speech. He is very much concerned with his social positioning and twice mentions that he was Lord Mayor as a way of impressing Gerald (his future son in-law who is from a family of a higher social class than the Birlings) and even mentions the his possible future knighthood, to him which is far from certain. He is solely worried about his familys reputation. Birling then reveals to the audience his personal views, through one of the many speeches, he makes to his family and then later, to just Gerald and Eric, before the inspector arrives. Birling shows he does not believe he has a responsibility to society, only to his family a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own. He is short sighted and wrong, his predictions for the future are all incorrect: Were in for a time of steadily increasing prosperity The Wall Street Crash (1929) and the Great Depression within a generation.  There isnt a chance of war World war within two years, with a second to follow within the same lifetime.  In 1940youll be living in a world thatll have forgotten all these Capital versus Labour agitations The General Strike (1926) and the continued rise of the Trade Union Movement. The Titanic: unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable SS Titanic sinks on her maiden voyage.  This dramatic irony at his expense makes the character look even more stupid and thoughtless and encourages the audience to question how many of his other beliefs are correct.   It is these incorrect and morally wrong views that trigger the inspectors arrival.  A man has to make his own way- has to look after himself- and his family too, when he has one- and so long as he does that he wont come to much harm. But the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were all mixed up together like bees in a hive community and all that nonsense. But take my word for it, you youngsters and Ive learnt in the good hard school of experience- that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own- and-  We hear the sharp ring of a front door bell. BIRLING stops to listen.  Mr Birling is interrupted half way through one of his capitalistic, narrow-minded speeches by the ringing of the front door bell, unknown to Mr Birling and the other members of the house, this signals the arrival of the Inspector. His arrival right as Mr Birling is half way through his capitalistic and selfish speech adds dramatic irony to the play, as the Inspectors role is to show that this is not the case and sets out to prove to the Birlings, Gerald and to the audience how wrong this view is. The Inspectors somber appearance and the news he brings are a contrast with the happy and elegant celebration in the Birling house.

Metropolis and Dystopia Essay Example

Metropolis and Dystopia Essay Metropolis Homework Task 1 Definitions: Utopia Utopia is an ideal community or society possessing a perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe fictional societies portrayed in literature. It has spawned other concepts, most prominently dystopia. Dystopia dystopia is the idea of a society in a repressive and controlled state, often under the guise of being utopian. Dystopian societies feature different kinds of repressive social control systems, and various forms of active and passive coercion. Ideas and works about dystopian societies often explore the concept of humans abusing technology that has progressed far more rapidly than humanitys spiritual evolution. (Definitions from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki) Dystopia and Utopia in film and fiction: 1. Utopian societies are desirable, whereas dystopian societies are undesirable, even horrifying. The utopia and its offshoot, the dystopia, are genres of literature that explore contrasting social and political structures. Utopian fiction is the creation of an ideal world, or ‘utopia,’ as the setting for a novel. The word ‘utopia’ was coined in Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book, Utopia that described an imaginary island representing the perfect society. As revealed by Moore’s novel and many other works of literature such as Samuel Johnsons The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia and Samuel Butlers Erehwon. Dystopian fiction is the opposite; the creation of a nightmare world, or ‘dystopia. ’ Dystopia is defined as a society characterized by poverty, squalor, or oppression. Examples of dystopias are characterized in books such as Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four, and silent film, Metropolis. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Metropolis and Dystopia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Metropolis and Dystopia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Metropolis and Dystopia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dystopian Societies are usually futuristic and fictional. Many dystopias are all too closely connected to current-day society and thus, appear futuristic. Dystopian stories such as Nineteen Eighty-Four and Metropolis discuss major tendencies in contemporary society that cause them to seem futuristic, despite their being merely fictional. 3. Dystopian depictions can be regarded as warnings. Dystopias are frequently written as warnings, or as satires, showing current trends extrapolated to a nightmarish conclusion. Dystopias usually extrapolate elements of contemporary society and are read by many as political warnings 4. Dystopian and utopian concepts are relative. Dystopian and utopian concepts are relative in fiction because often, (in Metropolis for instance) though the dystopian society is in a repressive and controlled state, it is under the guise of being utopian. 5. Dystopian fiction comments about our own society. Literary dystopia often draws from elements of contemporary society. Not only does it therefore appear futuristic, but it comments on the direction of society today and confronts readers with the dystopian characteristics of our modern world.

Wilson Murder Trial, Huntsville 1992

Wilson Murder Trial, Huntsville 1992 At almost exactly 9:30pm on the evening of May 22, 1992, Huntsville police were notified by the 911 dispatcher of a possible burglary in progress with an injured victim at the scene. The location was Boulder Circle, an affluent neighborhood nestled among the mountains overlooking Huntsville, Alabama. Murder Within minutes of arriving on the scene, police discovered the body of a male, identified as Jack Wilson, lying in the upstairs hallway. He had been brutally murdered, apparently with a baseball bat that was found lying nearby. Homicide detectives began searching every square inch of the house and grounds and a police dog was brought in to sniff out possible evidence the police might overlook. As they began the tedious task of trying to determine what had happened, none of them realized they were about to become involved in the most notorious murder case in Huntsvilles history. The Scene By talking to neighbors and reconstructing the events, the police determined that Wilson had left his office around 4 p.m. He changed clothes and went outside to his front yard where neighbors reported seeing him using a baseball bat to drive a campaign sign in the ground. This was at approximately 4:30 p.m. Apparently, he then took a stepladder from the garage and carried it to the upstairs hallway where he removed a smoke detector from the ceiling. It was later found lying on the bed, disassembled. At this point, police theorized Wilson was surprised by someone who was already in the house. The unknown assailant grabbed the baseball bat and began beating the doctor. After the doctor collapsed to the floor, the assailant stabbed him twice with a knife. Though the crime had originally been reported as a possible burglary, it had none of the typical signs. There were no open drawers, ransacked closets and overturned furniture usual in most burglary cases. The whole case was beginning to look more like an â€Å"inside job.† Suspects The widow, Betty Wilson, was too distraught at the time to be questioned, but later investigation revealed she had lunch with her husband that day around 12 p.m. After he returned to his medical office, she spent much of the day shopping in preparation for a trip they planned for the next morning. Later that evening, after attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, she returned home at about 9:30, where she discovered her husband’s body. She went to a neighbors home and they called 911. By using credit card receipts and eyewitnesses, the police were able to verify Betty Wilson’s whereabouts for the whole day, except for one 30-minute period at around 2:30 p.m., and between 5 and 5:30 p.m. Other family members were checked out but they all appeared to have alibis. Break in the Case The first break for the investigators came when the Shelby County Sheriffs Office passed on a tip they had received the week before. A woman had called, concerned about a friend of hers: James White, whom while drunk, had talked about killing a doctor in Huntsville. The whole story was garbled, but what emerged was that White was supposed to be infatuated with a lady by the name of Peggy Lowe, who had recruited him to murder her twin sisters husband in Huntsville. The lady admitted that she doubted the story. â€Å"White liked to talk big when he was drinking and lately he had been drunk almost all the time.† Never the less she decided to pass it on to the police. After the Huntsville Police learned of the tip it took only minutes to establish that Peggy Lowe was Betty Wilson’s twin sister. Investigators decided it was time to pay Mr. White a visit. Follow Up James Dennison White was a 42-year-old Vietnam veteran who had a history of mental disorders and antisocial behavior caused largely by drug and alcohol abuse. He had been in a number of mental institutions as well as serving time in jail. While serving time for selling drugs he escaped and was captured almost a year later in Arkansas, where he was involved in kidnapping a man and his wife. One of his last mental evaluations described him as suffering from delusions and unable to separate fact from fantasy. At first, as White was being questioned by the detectives, he denied everything. Slowly, as the evening and night grew longer he began to contradict himself, spinning a web of half-truths, lies, and fantasies. He denied knowing Peggy Lowe, then admitting it. He denied knowing Betty Wilson, then said he was going to do some work for her. Gradually a pattern emerged. As he would get caught in one contradiction, he would admit it but deny everything else. The detectives were used to this type of behavior though- almost every criminal they interrogated did the same thing. They understood from experience that it was going to be a long drawn out process in getting White to tell the truth. The Truth Finally, just as the sun was peeking over the horizon, White broke down. Though it would take another several months, and numerous different confessions to get him to tell the whole story, he basically confessed to being hired by Peggy Lowe and Betty Wilson to kill Dr. Jack Wilson. He claimed to have met Peggy Lowe at the elementary school where she worked and where he had done some carpentry work. After he did some work at her house, according to White, Mrs. Lowe became infatuated with him and spent hours talking to him on the phone. Gradually she began to talk about her husband and hint that she would like to see him killed. A short time later, though, she dropped the subject of her husband and began talking about her sister who wanted to hire a â€Å"hit† man. White pretended to play along, saying he knew someone who would do it for $20,000. Mrs. Lowe told him that was too expensive; her sister was almost broke. Finally, they agreed on a price of $5,000 of which Mrs. Lowe gave him half, in small bills, in a plastic bag. Gradually, as his story evolved, it included phone calls between him and the sisters, the twins giving him a gun, a trip to Guntersville to pick up expense money inside a library book and meeting Mrs. Wilson in Huntsville to get more expense money. On the day of the murder, he claimed Mrs. Wilson met him in the parking lot of a nearby shopping center and drove him to her home where he waited for two hours until Dr. Wilson arrived home. He was not armed at the time. He stated later that he had not liked guns ever since Vietnam. Instead, he carried a long rope. White said that although he remembered struggling with Wilson over the baseball bat, he did not remember killing the doctor. After the murder, Mrs. Wilson returned to the house, picked him up and drove him back to his truck at the shopping center. He then drove back to Vincent and went out drinking that night with his brother. To prove his story he led the police to his home where a gun was found that was registered to Mrs. Wils on and a book from the Huntsville Public Library. White was unsure about dates, times and specific events but the detectives expected that. It would take time to sort the whole story out but in the meantime where was enough evidence to arrest the twin sisters. A source close to the case described White after he was brought back to Huntsville, as being in â€Å"physical agony, almost climbing the walls and begging to be given his medicine.† The medicine, supposedly Lithium, was withheld because it was in a different bottle than what it came in and White did not have a prescription for it. Arrest The news of Betty Wilson’s arrest for the murder of her husband exploded like a bombshell in Huntsville. Not only was she a well-known socialite, but her husband’s estate was rumored to be worth almost six million dollars. Adding fuel to the flames was the report that she had helped host a fundraiser for a popular political figure the night before the murder. Huntsville is a small town, especially during political seasons, where rumors and gossip can be passed around so quickly that the daily newspaper is already dated when it hits the streets. By piercing the juicy tidbits of gossip together a portrait of a cold-blooded murderess began to take shape. She was rumored to have always been a â€Å"gold digger† and has been heard cursing her husband. Most of the talk, however, centered on her alleged numerous sexual encounters. When the news media caught up with the story they pursued it with a vengeance. Reporters seemed to be competing against one another to see who could come up with the juiciest story. Newspapers, magazines and television shows from all across the country began following the story the whole affair also took on political overtones as members of the D.A.’s office and the sheriff’s office began leaking information to the press and trying to use the case for political advantage. The case became even more political when the D.A. agreed to a controversial plea bargain for White, which would give him life, with parole possible in 7 years, in exchange for helping convict the sisters. Pundits later claimed the plea bargain spelled the end of the D.A.s political career. Murder Charge At the hearing, the prosecution successfully argued that because Betty Wilson was a beneficiary to her husbands will and the fact she had sexual affair was enough to prove the motive. A tape-recorded confession of James White provided the evidence. After a brief hearing, both sisters were ordered to stand trial for murder. Peggy Lowe was granted bond and released after her neighbors in Vincent put their homes up for security. Betty Wilson was denied bond and remained in the Madison County jail until her trial. A short time later family members of Dr. Wilson filed suit to deny Betty Wilson access to his estate. Despite the posturing going on from all sides, many legal analysts began to doubt if the prosecution really had enough to build a case on. There was no one who ever saw James White and Betty Wilson together at any time and there was no physical evidence linking White to the crime scene. Also, a major headache for both sides was Whites constantly changing stories. He would describe events one day and have a completely different version the following week. New Information Perhaps James White was sitting in his cell thinking about the same thing because suddenly he recalled a fact that he had not remembered before. He had changed clothes in the house and placed them in a plastic bag, along with the rope and knife, and hid them under a rock a few feet from the swimming pool. The bag was supposed to be the same one he received the money from Mrs. Lowe in. Officials later explained the clothes not being found during the initial search by saying the police dog had an allergy. Although the clothes and bag were found exactly where White said they would be, the forensic people were never able to establish if they had been bloodstained, or if they actually belonged to White. The clothes were to become one of the biggest mysteries of the case. No one seriously believed the clothes had been missed during the initial search. Privately, even members of the Huntsville Police expressed skepticism. Many people believed that White had gotten someone to place the clothes there in an attempt to bolster his credibility and escape the electric chair. By this time the case of the Evil Twins had captured national attention. The Wall Street Journal, the Washington Times and People Magazine ran lengthy articles and television tabloid shows such as Hard Copy and Inside Edition ran features stories. When two national television networks expressed an interest in making a movie, agents descended on Huntsville buying the movie rights from most of the people involved. Trial As summer wore on, even the most impartial observers began to take sides. Never in the history of Huntsville had a case generated so much controversy and news coverage. Because of the publicity, the judge ordered the trial moved to Tuscaloosa. When the trial finally began, the case boiled down to one simple question. Who was telling the truth? The prosecution argues it was a murder for hire. The defense claimed the fact that White did not carry a weapon with him made the story unbelievable.The prosecution argued Whites testimony was credible. The defense argued he had changed his confessions so many times it was unbelievable and he had fitted his testimony to fit the prosecutions case in order to escape a possible death sentence.The prosecution argued Whites testimony was collaborated by records of phone calls and the library. The defense argued there was another explanation.The prosecution argued the gun was given to White by Betty Wilson and Peggy Lowe. The defense claimed he stole the gun and offered the fact that the empty box the gun came in, along with shells, was found in the home afterward.The prosecution offered a witness who claimed to have seen James White and Betty Wilson near the murder scene within thirty minutes of one another. The defense argued the witness was not credible because she had been unable to pi ck White out of a lineup. The prosecution claimed the timeline proved their case. The defense argued the timeline did not fit.The prosecution offered a witness who claimed Mrs. Wilson had talked about wanting to kill her husband. The defense argued the story was not credible because it had happened almost 6 years earlier and the woman had continued to be friends with Mrs. Wilson.The defense offered a witness who stated she had received a message from Dr. Wilson on her answering machine after the alleged time of death. The prosecution argued the call could have been made earlier. Regardless of the hard evidence, everyone agreed that a central theme of the prosecution’s case was to paint Betty Wilson as a cold and immoral woman who wanted her husband dead. To prove this the prosecution paraded a stream of witnesses who testified about hearing her curse and belittle her husband. Other witnesses testified to having knowledge of Mrs. Wilson taking men to her home for sexual liaisons. Perhaps the most dramatic part of the trial came when a black former city employee took the stand and told of having relations with Mrs. Wilson. Although the prosecution denied playing the racism card, observers of the trial all agreed it had the same effect. The case went to the jury at 12:28 on Tuesday, March 2, 1993. After deliberating the rest of the day and much of the following day the jury returned with a guilty verdict. Jurors later revealed that the deciding factor in their decision was the telephone records. Betty Wilson was sentenced to life imprisonment, without parole. Aftermath Six months later, Peggy Lowe stood trial for her alleged part in the murder for hire. Much of the evidence was almost a repeat of her sister’s trial, with the same witnesses and the same testimony. New to the case, however, was testimony by expert witnesses who stated that two people may have been involved in the murder. Citing the lack of blood splatters on the walls, the experts theorized the murder probably occurred some other place than the hallway and was caused by something other than a baseball bat. For the defense, the most crucial moment probably occurred when White testified that Betty Wilson picked him up at the murder scene between 6 and 6:30 p.m. on the day in question. This was an hour later than he had previously testified. If the jurors believed White’s story, it would have been impossible for Mrs. Wilson to have participated. The biggest difference in the trials, however, were the people being tried. While Mrs. Wilson seemed to be the reincarnate of everything evil, her sister portrayed the image of a virtuous and compassionate church-going woman who was constantly helping people less fortunate. Though it had been difficult to get people to testify in Betty Wilson’s behalf, Mrs. Lowe’s jurors heard a steady parade of witnesses extolling her virtues. The jury deliberated for only two hours and eleven minutes before finding Peggy Lowe not guilty. The jurors cited James White’s lack of credibility as the major factor. The prosecutor explained the verdict by saying he was â€Å"fighting God.† Although Peggy Lowe can never be tried again, the fact remains that it is impossible for one sister to be innocent and the other guilty. Betty Wilson is serving life without parole at the Julia Tutwiler prison in Wetumpka, Alabama. She works in the sewing department and spends her free time writing her supporters. Her case is being appealed. James White is serving a life sentence at an institution in Springville, Alabama, where he is attending trade school and receiving counseling for drug and alcohol abuse. In 1994, he recanted his story of the twins’ involvement but later took the Fifth Amendment when questioned about it in court. He will be eligible for parole in the year 2000.

Advantages And Disadvantages Relying On Field Notes English Language Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Relying On Field Notes English Language Essay At the first step of this assessment I have to answer what the advantages and disadvantages are of relying solely on field notes, in comparison with producing a transcription of an audio or video recording. During the second half of the twentieth century, there was a huge growth in the amount of educational research and the emergence of a substantial methodological literature on how best to pursue it. The educational research became quite diverse, not only in the topics examined but also in the methodological and theoretical approaches that are used. â€Å"Perhaps not surprisingly, disagreement is closely associated with such diversity, and there are even differences of opinion over what is and is not research, and what is and is not educational research†(E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p. 63). Field notes or transcription of an audio or video recording are characteristics of reflective practice and of what is often referred to as action research. Nevertheless, a great deal of educational enquiry is carried out as a separate task from educational practice, even when it is designed to inform practice directly. In this matter, the researchers may not be educational practitioners themselves, although they frequently are (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p. 63). Concerning the range of strategies that can be used to pursue educational research it is a wide range of issues such as laboratory and classroom experiments, large-scale surveys of the behaviour, attitude, etc. The results of the research, i.e. the data may be the product of direct observation on the part of the researcher or it may be produced by others, and can take a variety of forms, such as answering questionnaires by ticking in boxes on interview or observational schedules, numbers as recorded in published statistics, text from published or unpublished documents or from field notes written by the researcher during the course of observations or interviews, audio-or video-recordings and transcripts of these(Research Methods in Education, Handbook, p.26). A common way of conceptualizing this diversity is the distinction between quantitative and qualitative approaches and it is necessary, however, to emphasize that it is a very crude distinction and one that is potentially misleading. The most obvious distinction between the two sorts of research is that the former deals with numbers whereas the latter does not or does to a minor degree. Going back to the main point of the question I have to deal with the qualitative research since field notes or audio – video recording are within this category. As interview transcripts are made and field notes of observation compiled the researcher continuously examines the data, by highlighting certain points in the text or making comments in the margins. The important points are identified by the researcher noting contradictions and inconsistencies, comparisons and contrasts with other data and so on. At this point the researcher is not just collecting data, but thinking about it and interacting with it. Much of these first attempts at speculative analysis will probably be discarded, but some ideas will no doubt take shape as data collection and analysis proceed. Much of this early activity may appear chaotic and uncoordinated, but such `chaos’ is a prolific seed-bed for ideas (Research Methods in Education, Handbook, p. 68).

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

3 - Assignment Example Astronomers can notice the changes of the rate of expansion of the universe through measurements of the recession speeds and distances of very distant galaxies (Materrese & Sabino 2010). The assumption of the dark energy is that it is a gravitationally repulsive force which does not appear to cluster in galaxies. It has last been seen to stretch the space–time apart and certainly fits the accelerating-expansion scenario. Therefore acceleration of the expansion implies clearly the existence of some force that acts to push galaxies apart, and the source of this force is the dark energy. In this scenario large structure size galaxy clusters are formed first then they are segmented into galaxies. This scenario is based on radiation smoothed out the matter density fluctuations to produce large pancakes which then gradually build-up matter after recombination and grow until they collapse and fragment into galaxies. In this type, small dwarf Galaxies form first then they merge into clusters of galaxies. The density enhancements at the time of recombination are close to the size of small galaxies and the enhancements collapses from self-gravity to form dwarf galaxies. This is a theory that was proposed by mordehai milgrom and it attempts to explain the galaxy rotation problem by modifying the Newton’s second law of motion, so as the acceleration at very low values such as between distant stars is not strictly linear. It tries to resolve the problem that when astronomers observe galaxies and apply the current theory of gravity, the result shows the stars within the galaxy should go spinning apart from each other. Most astrophysicists and cosmologists do not believe that MOND fits the evidence. This falls in the somewhat less-informal category of an alternative gravity theory since it proposes fundamental changes to the understanding of the way

The History of Money Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History of Money - Assignment Example A trade deficit occurs when a country buys more than it sells. As of 2007 the total debt of the United States was $8.7 trillion (Youtube). If a new currency called Google Bucks appeared in the market I would probably be interested in owning the currency. The reason that I would be interested in Google Bucks is because I make a lot of online purchases. I would accept Google Bucks. I think that Google Bucks could be considered a form of money because it can be used to buy goods and services. The problem with the form of currency is gaining acceptance from the general public. Most people would not consider Google Bucks money if they cannot use the online currency to buy goods outside the internet. A way to legitimize Google Bucks is for the currency to be converted into U.S. dollars or other currency through ATM mechanisms. China benefits from the linkage of its currency to the dollar because its currency does not have to face competition from other currencies to keep its value. The Yuan does not have to compete in the foreign exchange market based on the internal economic conditions of China. China prefers to peg its currency and let the stable dollar become its shield to protect its economy. The United States benefits from this relation because China has become one of the top importers in the world due to the fact that the purchasing power of its people is rising. When the value of the dollar goes down the U.S. reaps the benefits of more Chinese people buying goods from the United States. I do not think that Google Wallet is going to be that influential in the lives of people. The application simply lets you buy goods online using other forms of money that you already have. The application itself does not constitute a new form of currency. Google is offering prepaid debit cards as one of the forms of currency. Prepaid debit cards are a concept that already existed which the banking industry has been using for decades. Some of the

The Child Soldier Reflection Essay Example for Free

The Child Soldier Reflection Essay Ishmael Beah was a child soldier who got out of the military base with the help on unicef. Afterwards he stayed in America and wrote a book about his life as a child soldier when he was younger. He tells about how the child soldiers were treated and how he became a child soldier in the first place. Ishmael Beah grew up in a remarkable childhood until a war came to his part of his country and because of war the landscape he grew up in became really scary and he was seeing first hand what wars are and what they’re doing to families. When he was taken away from his family and all his family got killed, he went to a military base to look for safety in which he was pressed into a war and he was forcefully trained to shoot along with all the other young people who are recruited and forced to participate in extremely violent acts in this war. The life of a child soldier is that they shoot people and does whatever the commander tells them to or else they’ll kill them and those child soldiers are also fed drugs and there are ways the commander would kill people in front of them to desensitize them and they’re given more drugs afterwards. Those child soldiers have the commanders as father figures and the other soldiers as his family as he and the other child soldiers have lost everything that’s there to them because that’s how the commanders think and work, to control children they Destroy what they know like their families and town and everything the children know is how they brought children to war and manipulate and drug them off to do whatever you want them to. Then a few years later Ishmael Beah and a few other child soldiers manage to get out of the military base as a few people from Unicef came and talk to the commanders to let them ago and whatever they said must’ve worked. At first, Ishmael and those few other child soldiers didn’t want to leave the military base as they have become attached to everyone there but they were brought in by the organizations and was treated as they have also been mentally injured. Some child soldiers even stabbed those people from the organization but those people that are there to help still came back and try to help those child soldiers and this act of kindness really shocked those child soldiers. War has really made a major change in the society by even bringing innocent children to war and using them and taking away they’re childhood. Most kids and people have a romantic notion of war and violence as they have never experience the actual war and when people finally do learn and know about war they would then know that war doesn’t bring anything but suffering and everyone deserves living a peaceful life.

Christian G. Appys Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam :: American History

The Vietnam War, which lasted for two decades (1955-1975), was probably the most problematic of all American wars. US involvement in Vietnam occurred within the larger context of the Cold War between the US and the USSR. It was, and remains, morally ambiguous and controversial. The Vietnam War was slated as both a war against Communism and a war aimed at suppressing dangerous nationalist self-determination. Christian G. Appy's book, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam, is a graphic and perceptive portrayal of soldiers' experiences and the lasting effects the Vietnam War has had on the American culture and people. Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam, is an analytical work that has three major purposes: 1. to show that those who fought in Vietnam were predominantly from the working class 2. to convey the experiences of the soldiers who served in Vietnam and 3. to offer his own scathing commentary of American actions in Vietnam. After World War II ended, Cold War alignments emerged. In 1946, Winston Churchill spoke against the USSR in his "Iron Curtain" speech. George Kennan's "Long Telegram" introduced the concept of containment, arguing that the US could keep communism from spreading by deterring Soviet expansion at critical points. Critical occurrences in1949 brought American communist fears to an extreme level. The Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift, followed by Mao Zedong's triumph over Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese Nationalist forces, and the successful atomic bomb tests of the USSR all contributed to the hysteria. America was gripped by paranoia, embodied by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy Communist witch hunts. The escalation period of the Vietnam War, which lasted for a decade (1955-1965) reflected the Cold War conflict in which the US and USSR avoided direct combat and thus avoided the possibility of nuclear war. Instead, the two superpowers battled though puppet forces. While the US backed South Vietnamese government was weak and corrupt, the USSR backed North Vietnamese government was a proud and group of nationalists willing to fight fiercely for Vietnamese unification and against foreign influence. The US faced an enemy that believed deeply in its nationalist as well as communist cause and hated US, and for that matter any foreign intervention. In Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam, Appy estimates that approximately eighty percent of the soldiers who experienced combat in Vietnam were the sons of blue-collar workers. He presents his definition of

Transforming the Influence of the Media on our Lives

Our goal in this publication is to help our readers lay a foundation for transforming the influence of the media on their lives. It is in all of our interests to critically assess, rather than mindlessly accept, news media pronouncements. Our hope is that we can aid readers to become more independent, insightful, and critical in responding to the content of news media messages and storiesIf objectivity or fairness in the construction of news stories is thought of as equivalent to presenting all the facts and only the facts (â€Å"All the news that’s fit to print†), objectivity and fairness is an illusion.No human knows more than a small percentage of the facts and it is not possible to present all the facts (even if one did know them). It isn’t even possible to present all the important facts, for many criteria compete for determining what is â€Å"impor- tant. †We must therefore always ask,â€Å"What has been left out of this article? †Ã¢â‚¬Å"What would I think if different facts had been highlighted here? †Ã¢â‚¬Å"What if this article had been written by those who hold a point of view opposite to the one embedded in the story as told?†For example, people commonly consider facts to be important to the extent that they have significant implications for them personally: Is any given event going to affect what they want, how much is it going to cost them, how is it going to influence their income, their living conditions, their leisure, their convenience? How some given event is going to affect others, especially others far away and out of sight, is quite another matter. There is therefore a large divergence among the news media of the world as to what is presented as â€Å"significant† in the world.

HUnting laws Essay

I’ve never really paid attention to who makes the laws for hunting to be honest I’ve only just followed them. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission is a citizen board, chosen by the Governor, which sets regulations and policies for Colorado’s state parks and wildlife programs. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife is who enforces the laws that the commission makes, there job is to protect, preserve, enhance, and manage wildlife for the use of the people of this state. There are several types of hunting allowed in Colorado such as Archery, Rifles, Muzzle loading, shot gun. And just about every type of mammal can be hunted in regulation elk, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, antelope, bighorn & Desert Bighorn, moose, mountain goat and whitetail deer, bobcat, fox, coyote, and badger. There is also birds such as Partridge, dove, grouse, quail, chucker, turkey, duck, geese, ptarmigan, snipe, and many other birds I don’t feel like naming. I understand why some people are against hunting, I mean when you only know part of the story all you hear is killing an innocent animal. And some people only see the stereotype a think it’s just a bunch of banjo stringing rednecks going Rambo on Bambi’s mom. But there are several laws and regulations keeping all hunting safe and even necessary to keep species size under control. I have hunted all my life, and I’ve learned most of my life lessons sitting on the cold ground with a 30. 6 in my hands waiting for an elk to pass by. So hunting is a part of me, my family doesn’t hunt to just kill an animal, every piece of meat we eat is either a cow from our pasture or elk we killed during hunting season. That is the meat we eat all year, so even though I know why we hunt and why it’s not bad I understand why some people think it might be barbaric. I’m also not saying that some people don’t disrespect the right to hunt and kill anything they see, just like anti-hunters think.

Free Essays on A Time In My Life

Moving from one city to another city can often be very difficult for a child. The reason for this is that you aren’t just moving to a different city. You’re moving to a different atmosphere, school, group of friends and neighbors. Moving is one thing that is very hard but has come very easy to me. We were transitioning from Japan to Virginia and my parents sent me and my sister, Ashley, to Hawaii to stay with my grandparents so that they could find a good living area with a good school system. We moved and it was hard but I was only twelve and I eventually got over it and then began to make new friends. Moving wasn’t such a big deal to me anymore, especially after the 7th time. I loved my grandparents to death, so I had a blast staying with them to finish up the school year. Plus they lived in Hawaii†¦enough said, nice weather, cute boys, and the beach. I was young and had no responsibilities. Up until that point I was feeling pretty good. Until one day whil e my grandpa was at work, well he was retired but he just helped out once and a while, he had a massive stroke and was rushed to the hospital. Till that day no one in my family that I was close with had died or have had something awful happen to them. So my family and I were sitting in the hospital waiting for the doctor to come out and tell us something. One thing you must know about my grandfather is that he is this jolly old man with a huge belly. You would think it was a beer belly, but it defiantly was full of food, he loved to eat. We couldn’t go anywhere without him knowing someone and stand there for what seemed like hours of him talking. He was real big into church and he was always helping people out. So when the doctor came out finally he had told us that my grandfather had had a stroke and it hit his left side making him paralyzed on his right. He could no longer use anything on his right ride. So eating, walking, and talking were gone. The normal things in life . .. Free Essays on A Time In My Life Free Essays on A Time In My Life Moving from one city to another city can often be very difficult for a child. The reason for this is that you aren’t just moving to a different city. You’re moving to a different atmosphere, school, group of friends and neighbors. Moving is one thing that is very hard but has come very easy to me. We were transitioning from Japan to Virginia and my parents sent me and my sister, Ashley, to Hawaii to stay with my grandparents so that they could find a good living area with a good school system. We moved and it was hard but I was only twelve and I eventually got over it and then began to make new friends. Moving wasn’t such a big deal to me anymore, especially after the 7th time. I loved my grandparents to death, so I had a blast staying with them to finish up the school year. Plus they lived in Hawaii†¦enough said, nice weather, cute boys, and the beach. I was young and had no responsibilities. Up until that point I was feeling pretty good. Until one day whil e my grandpa was at work, well he was retired but he just helped out once and a while, he had a massive stroke and was rushed to the hospital. Till that day no one in my family that I was close with had died or have had something awful happen to them. So my family and I were sitting in the hospital waiting for the doctor to come out and tell us something. One thing you must know about my grandfather is that he is this jolly old man with a huge belly. You would think it was a beer belly, but it defiantly was full of food, he loved to eat. We couldn’t go anywhere without him knowing someone and stand there for what seemed like hours of him talking. He was real big into church and he was always helping people out. So when the doctor came out finally he had told us that my grandfather had had a stroke and it hit his left side making him paralyzed on his right. He could no longer use anything on his right ride. So eating, walking, and talking were gone. The normal things in life . ..

Employability and Professional Development Assignment

Employability and Professional Development - Assignment Example These positive figures for the law graduates in terms of recruitment paint a favourable picture for the current law graduates. The same applies in relation to the salary figures as well. When compared with other graduates, law graduates tend to get better salary package. That is, university leavers â€Å"who manage to secure a graduate job in 2014 can expect an average starting salary just short of the  £30,000 mark†, however, when it comes to law graduates, â€Å"who secure a position with a law firm can expect much more – with average starting salaries in 2014 of  £39,000.† (Employment 4 Students 2014). When one analysis a job market from the perspective of prospective employees or graduates, recruitment and salary numbers are the two key factors which will be focused. On those lines, with the recruitment numbers and the salary range in the legal profession showing encouraging signs, it augurs well for the current as well as future law graduates. It is paramount on the part of the law graduates to equip themselves with optimal employability skills and capabilities, so they aptly fill the job vacancies. When the law graduates are imbibed with certain skills from their early years and importantly develop certain skills through their academics, it will aid them to find their dream job in a prestigious law firm. On those lines, I have developed or am â€Å"imbibed† with certain skills which I think will be quite apt for the law firms. Importantly, if those skills and capabilities are critically evaluated and assessed based on the CareerEDGE model of Dacre Pool & Sewell (2007), it will provide key perspectives. CareerEDGE, developed by Lorraine Dacre Pool and Peter Sewell at the University of Central Lancashire, is a practical model that is used to analyze graduate employability. Under this model, graduates need to analyze themselves on the basis of five critical elements. When it comes to the two elements of Career Develo pment Learning and

Corporate Governance for Lebanese SMEs Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Governance for Lebanese SMEs - Thesis Example In the dialog box, I clicked Coding Criteria and defined my search using the Simple button. Using Query Options, I described the storage methodology for my query results (Stanford University 2012). Another feature that was vital during data analysis using Nvivo9 software was the selection of hierarchical nodes (codes) to help in furthering the classification of vital information. This procedure is very crucial since it involves the processes of merging, deleting, and adding relevant categories to the analysis. With the emergence of new and refined themes, the analysis narrows down to fields that can be interpreted by the reader of the information. Further filtering of the data involved the use of Matrix Query. This option allowed me to balance and show the emerging results in the matrix table. Each matrix cell has a newly created node for easy grouping of the needed information. Opening the newly created node explores all the elements stored in there (Stanford University 2012). Using different categories in the Matrix and Coding Query I developed my data interpretation ideas as per the emerging patterns, meanings and categories. I believe that I used the Nvivo9 software correctly in coming up with the stated

Malaysia and Hong kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Malaysia and Hong kong - Essay Example In this concern, majority of the economists have developed their ideas focusing on the educational criterion of the economy to promote knowledge-based society. Notably, the governmental bodies can play a significant role in accumulating the public sector with the private sector in this regard and promote the educational background of the economy. This shall not only stimulate the economic growth with lower rate of unemployment, but shall also rejuvenate the economic competitiveness (Wilson, J. P., â€Å"Human Resource Development: Learning & Training for Individuals & Organizations†). The fact can be well identified in the recent economic development of Hong Kong. Since the initiation of the 21st century several analysts have been observing the trend of Hong Kong in terms of its Human Resources. Mr. Tung Chee-Hwa played a major role in stimulating the need of knowledge-based society in order to enhance the affectivity of the Human Resources of Hong Kong. Mr. Tung was designate d as the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). His ‘Policy Addresses’, for consecutive few years, were based on the requirements and the importance of a knowledge-based society. For instance, his 2000 Policy Address outlined the series of measures to be customized by the government in order to improve the infrastructure of the economy. This in turn shall facilitate its objective of gaining the advantages of a knowledge-based society. It is worth mentioning that Mr. Tung’s initiation to develop the economy into an innovative and knowledge-based society made it a prior concern for the governmental bodies until 2003. Stating precisely, as suggested by Mr. Tung, the objective could be attained effectively providing extra strength to the four chiefly categorized economic pillars, i.e. logistics, finance, producer services and tourism sector. Furthermore, to ensure these strategies the governmental framework initiated to push value add ed industries. Hence, the governmental supervision played a crucial role in enhancing Hong Kong’s Human Resources and in turn stipulating the economic competitiveness (Wong, G., â€Å"Taking stock of Hong Kong's Human Resources†). 1.2. Role of Human Capital in Developing Economic Competitiveness According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), human capital is defined as â€Å"The knowledge, skills, competencies and attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social, and economic well-being† (OECD, â€Å"The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital†). Apparently identifiable from the provided definition, human capital is quite important to reward stability and competency to the economy irrespective of its present status. As further communicated by the OECD report, efficiency in terms of human capital can be attained through an enhanced education and training system to impro ve the knowledge base of the society (OECD, â€Å"The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital†). It is in this context that the concept of knowledge-based economy is gaining a growing importance in the

Please see instructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Please see instructions - Assignment Example the fertilizer falls, then the market supply curve would shift to the right because of the following reasons: The cost of producing the corns would have been reduced thus leading to increased supply. This also would enable many farmers that are either farming on large scale or small scale to engage in the production of corn since the production cost has been reduced for them (Flynn, et al, 2007). Another possible reason may be that farmers who are specialized on the cultivation of other crops are most likely to shift their production towards corn production If the government offers new tax breaks to the farmers, the market supply curve of the corns would shift o the right due to the following reasons: The cost of production would have been reduced as the realized profits are increased. This is because; the reduction of tax imposed on the production of the corns would encourage many farmers to practice corn production since high tax on corn production make many farmers to shy away from producing them. If tornado sweeps through lowa, then the supply curve of the corn production in the US would shift towards the left since the tornado would affect the corn production negatively. As a result, the supply of the corns would reduce. If the incomes of the buyers in the market for Adirondack vacations increases, the demand curve would shift to the right because of the following reasons; when the income increases, the demand for the products increases thus leading to a shift towards the right. The second reason is that the number of people with the ability to afford the product would rise thus increasing the demand of the product If the in the market for pizza read a study linking pepperoni consumption to heart disease, the demand curve would shift to the left due to the following reasons. A change in taste is likely to occur thus increasing the demand for substitutes as the as the demand for pizza reduces. The pizza consumers may shy away from the heart disease

The Sand Mining In Kalu Ganga Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sand Mining In Kalu Ganga Environmental Sciences Essay 01. Kalu Ganga considered as one of the major river in Sri Lanka. It started from Idikatupana in Samanala Mountain and discharged at Kalutara. It is 126 Km long and covered Sbaragamuwa and Western Providences including Ratnapura, Horana and Kalutara. 02. Kalu Ganga is one of the most important Rivers in Sri Lanka which receives very high rainfalls and has higher discharges. Due to its hydrological and topographical characteristics, the lower flood plain suffers from frequent floods and it affects socio-economic profile greatly. 03. Kalu Ganga basin is the second largest river basin in Sri Lanka covering 2766 km2 and much of the catchment is located in the highest rainfall area of the country, which reflects the high annual rainfall. The annual rainfall in the basin is averaged to 4000 mm and leads to 4000 million m3 of annual flow. 04. Indiscriminate river sand mining in Sri Lanka has caused a number of environmental problems such as erosion of river banks, destruction of bridges and roads, sea water intrusion to the coconut and paddy lands, and deterioration of river water quality used for drinking and bathing. However, despite the concerns of authorities and environmental groups, sand mining is continuing at an alarming rate as miners and other beneficiaries still appreciate the private profitability at the expense of long-term environmental costs. 05. On the other hand, blanket recommendations to banning of river sand mining lead to loss of income opportunities of the people, who involved in various activities related to sand mining, and increase the construction costs. CHAPTER 2 AIM 01. The aim of this paper is to convince the reader to impact of sand mining affect on the Kalu River and problems occurred due to sand mining activities. Statement OF PROBLEM 02. With the incensement of the constriction works in Western and Sbaragamuwa provinces annual requirement of sand is increased. In order to fulfill the required demand, sand mining activities also increased in Kalu River. These sand mining activities are caused number of environmental and social problems. Some of these problems are erosion of river bank, sea water intrusion to the agriculture lands and loss of habitant, problem and destruction of road and bridges, and deteriorations of quality of drinking water. Due to excessive sand mining activities this problem also increases rapidly. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 03. By reducing sand mining activities can be reducing the damage to the environment, save capital for repairing and construction of new road net work and brigs. It is also can up lift social condition of the people who living in these areas. METHODOLOGY 04. This study will be based on data collection form government organization and, people who presently living affected areas and documentary sources. 05. Primary source of collection of information was based on documentary sources including publications, Newspaper articles and information were taken by surfing through the Internet. 06. Secondary source Data obtained from Ministry of Environmental and Geological Survey and Mining Bureau, Visiting to people living in kalu River area. Data obtained from irrigation department. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 07. The scope of the study covers the affect of environment and social problem, because of sand mining activities in Kalu River. STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER 08. The paper will be structured as follows: a. Chapter I. The first chapter will contain the introduction to the paper. b. Chapter II. The second chapter will contain the Methodology of the study and will comprise of the following: (1) Aim (2) Statement of the Problem (3) Research hypothesis (4) Scope of the study (5) Method of data collection (6) Structure of the paper c. Chapter III. Back ground d. Chapter IV. Data e. Chapter V. Analysis f. Chapter VI. Conclusion and recommendation OBJECTIVES 09. General Objectives: To analyze the social and environmental affect and by introducing alternative methods to minimize sand mining activities, to reduce social and environmental are issues. 10. Specific Objectives To analyze what are the problem mainly affected because of sand mining. To analyze how these problems effected to people in this areas. To analyze how these problems effected to government. To introduce suitable solution for the reduce sand mining activities in Kalu River. DATA COLLECTION METHODS 11. Visiting sand mining site (licensed and illegal) in Kalutara and Ratnapura district. 12. Data obtained from Ministry of Environmental and Geological Survey and Mining Bureau. 13. Visiting to people living in kalu River area. 14. Books, News papers, Internet, etc. LIMITATIONS 15. The time available to conduct this research will be only 3 months. The length of the paper will be limited to 5000 words, and it will not be possible to collect data from all the reliable sources. Area of research 16. This research was conducted in Kalutara district covering mast of the areas of sand mining taking palace in Kalu River. The area included Kalutara to Ingiriya along the Kalu River. CHAPTER 3 BACK GROUND 01. The demand required for sand construction works within the country is more than five million cubic meters or eight million ton of sand mine and sold per year. This sand quantity values nearly 16 billion. This high demanding for market of sand led to mining the sand significantly in most of the areas of Kalu River. Not only the deposited sand mining, river bed sand mining as well as river bank sand removal also increased. The river sand mining highly affect to the natural equilibrium of the Kalu River. 02. There are some other important rivers in Sri Lanka also facing to this environmental and social problem in various scales. It is estimated that sand mining in Kalu River has increased by three times in last few years. Over mining in the river causes many problems like deteriorations of quality of drinking water supply due to sea water intrusion to the Kalu River, collapse of river bank and loss of river land. Considering the importance factors of scientific assessment on the environmental degradation consequent to unsystematic sand mining, an effort has made in this research study to recognize remedial and environmental impacts in Kalu River basin due to sand mining. 03. Sand mining is continuing to be a major environment hazard in many parts of Sri Lanka especially due to the unprecedented increase in demand to the civil contraction activities in the infrastructure and housing sector. 04. Substitute for river sand is sea sand which available in the market. However industry prefers river sand due to problems of salinity and the need to dry sea sand to reduce deleterious material. Anther substitute is crashed quartzite rock (impure are from silica) available in form of ridges especially in the hill country as well as Polonnaruwa and Dambulla area. 05. This issue as highlighted in this paragraph is the question of who is legislatively authorized to regulate the mining of river sand. In this content I shall quote from the cost conservation Act No 57 of 1991. Costal zone is defined as the area lying with in a limited of three hundred meters land wards of mean high water line and limit of two kilo Meters seaward from the mean low water line. 06. In cause of river, streams, or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically the landward boundary extended to limit of two kilo Meters measured perpendicular to the straight base line drown between natural entrance point and includes water of such river, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea. 07. Under mines and mineral Act NO 33 of 1992 the Geological survey and mines bureau (GSMB) could also issue sand mining permits in the foreshore or sea bed with in the sand mining with in the meaning of crown land ordinance (chapter 454) with the approval of the minister of cost conservation. This act was amended by Act NO 66 Geological survey and mines bureau in 2009. 08. There are some ambiguities related to the regulation of activities in the costal zone and river bank as well as beds. However it must be stressed that all mining activities should be under the Mines Bureau administration by the mines and mineral Act. CHAPTER 4 DATA PRESENT SITUATION Method of sand mining 01. There are three method used for sand mining. Sand mining near to river bank Sand mining in depth water (5 ft to 10 ft)using sand mining bucket with rod (Bonderi method) Sand mining in river bed using boats 02. Considering these there methods, sand mining using boats was prominent in Kalu River. This method was mostly affected for the mining sand in Kalu River. This was done by following sequence. Bring the boat to places were sand are collected. Look for suitable place and place bamboo rod in that place. Take the basket and dive to the water and find were sand available. Takes sand and fill in to the boat. Take down to the river bank and down load to the Lorries or places were sand selling. Sand mining quantities 03. There are different between sand mining quantities and location and people are used for sand mining in place to place and it is generally. 1 Â ½ 2 Volume of cub boat 6 men involued. 1 or less Volume of cub small boat 4 men involved. Most of the boats mining sand about 4 -6 cub of sand per day 04. Considering Kalutara district there are 471 licensed sand mining places according to the GSMB. These places are in Kalutara, MIllaniya, Dodangoda, Madurawala, Bulathsinhala and Ingiriya. GA divisions. Sand mining places in Kalu River in Kalutara district 05. These are the licensed sand mining places in Kalutara district Millaniya 150 Dodangoda 138 Kalutara 061 Madurawala 075 Walalavita 040 Palindanuwara 068 Pandura 007 Ingiriya 037 Bulathsighala 076 06. During year 2010 GSMB was carried out survey on volume of deposited sand in Kalu River. This was carried out two Engineers of GSMB Mr Rgive and Mr Janaka (Mining Engineers). According to there observation this was the result Quantity of sand deposits in Kalu River in a year 120,000 Cub Quantity that mining at kalu River 178,000 Cub 07. According to there are results more than 78,000 Cub of sand adequately mining in Kalu River in yearly? Other livelihoods from depend on sand mining 08. There are few people who depend on sand mining on Kalu River they are sand transporters, small hotels poor people who and supply sand buckets, Environmental Damage due to sand mining 09. River sand is mined for used in the building industry. In a few location it can be even be beneficial by lowering the river bed and reducing flooding. Because of mining of Sand, River bed is lowering and it increases the volume of the water it can hold. Because of that during heavy rain this can be prevent form food. In 2003 food in Ratnapura is about 33 ft but in Tebuwana area it was only 15 ft. 10. Current level of extraction in inappropriate location such as Millaniya, Aguruwathota, Tebuwana and Kalutara has however led to serious environmental impacts. Sand mining has damaged river banks deepened the river and increased costal erosion. Costal erosion arises because river sand replaces sand lost from the beach by reducing wave reaction. 11. Because of the people near river bank are already lost there soil to kalu river and they not allow to mind sand near there lands. From there social problem will occurred and some incident went up to lost of lives. 12. Sand mining by lowering the river bed facilitates intrusion of sea water. Salt water intrusion up stream during the dry season long Kalu River in Kalutara district, intruding salt water enters irrigation system destroying vegetation. In addition, the water table can become saline and affected wells. 13. In dry season people living in this are facing anther problem lowering of water level in there wells. Because of sand mining Kalu River bed lowering in dry season level of water also lower then years a go. Some places people are facing in difficulty to get water for there day today requirement. 14. The biggest environment issue in Kalu River is river bank erosion. Because of sand mining activities, river bed was deepened. This will create unstable river bank. The bank collapsed in to the river. This happen most of the places in Kalu River, this cant be stopped by planting bamboo trees after flood bamboo trees also collapsed in to the river because of it roots are insufficient to take the strength. 15. The damage to the National infrastructure such as road net work and bridges are prominent in Kalu River. Due to collapse of river bank total loss of national infrastructure due to sand mining has never been comprehensively assessed. An estimate of replacement of endangered bridge would cost millions. In Kalu river between Tebuwana and Narthupana there are three endanger bridges. In one place contraction of damaged road was presently going on according to there view this damage cost mare than 10 Million. 16. Indiscriminate river sand mining in Kalu River has caused anther environmental problems deterioration of river water quality used for drinking and bathing because of mixing of sea water. Sand mining is continuing at an alarming rate as miners and other beneficiaries still appreciate the private profitability at the expense of long-term Research done by Open University biology student Mr Chirath Bratha regarding animal and plant volume in a sand mining place and non sand mining place and other details are as follows. The research was done for 1000 ml of water Sand mining place Non sand mining place Water 290 ml 100 ml Find sand 260 ml 250 ml Core sand 260 ml 200 ml Gravel 190 ml 180 ml Other partials 270 ml Species Sand mining place Non sand mining place Puntiours Nigrofaciatus (Bulath hapaya ) 03 Puntious titteya (Le tittaya) 02 10 Puntious Cumigii(Pottaya) 01 03 Darra Ceylonensis (Patirana salaya) 08 Danio pathirama (cheep) 01 Oryzias Melastigma (Hada tittaya) 02 08 Horadania Atokorali (Hora Dandiya) 01 07 This was done by duration one hour Feather he measured Oxysigen percentages in these two places, were sand mining and not mining places. Percentage of Oxygen Places of Sand minims activities took placed for 100 ml 21 mg Percentage of Oxygen places were sand not mining placed .81 mg CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS 01. According to the dates from and mining places, they will mine sand on about six month per year but according to the people living in this are it was Eight to Nine months. This is an indication of sand mining owners are mining sand excessively. 02. The data will be analyzed using simple descriptive statistics to get a general picture to generate realistic implications.

AI vs Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Movie: Artificial Intelligence Synopsis: In the not-so-far future the polar ice caps have melted and the resulting rise of ocean waters has drowned all the coastal cities of the world. Withdrawn to the interior of the continents, the human race keeps advancing, reaching to the point of creating realistic robots-called mechas-to serve them. An ambitious Professor succeeds in building David, an artificial kid, the first of its kind programmed to provide endless love for its adopter. David is adopted by Monica as a substitute for her real son, but an unfortunate sequence of events leads Monica to abandon David. Believing that Monica will love him only if he becomes a real boy, David sets off to find the Blue Fairy (from the fairy tale Pinocchio), whom he earnestly believes is the only one with the power to grant him his wish. Explanation: Artificial Intelligence is very similar to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues raised are the same. The main idea being appropriated is that of creating life, although not ‘life’ in its usual context referring to living organisms. The ‘life’ created (or rather built) in AI is in fact a mere imitation of life, a mechanical substitute human boy†¦artificial intelligence. In AI, the creation is David, and he bears immediate similarities to the Frankenstein monster. In the book, the monster was to be Frankenstein’s ‘perfect’ human, a soul who knew nothing but love. Ironically, David was programmed to provide unconditional love and also served the purpose of being the perfect replacement of a ‘human’ boy. The desire to aid mankind through scientific and technological advancement is shared by both creators in their respective texts. In the film however, the Frankenstein equivalent is indirectly achieved by another character after David’s initial creation. The Frankenstein role is in fact fulfilled by Monica, David’s adopter (‘mother’), who activates David by ‘imprinting’ him to her. Although for different reasons, both ‘parents’ (mother/father figures) hastily rush the ‘activation’ process without closely assessing the risks and responsibilities of their doings or even realizing the wishes of their creations. Both creators end up abandoning their creations, leaving them alone, friendless in societies where they are both hunted. A woman talking to the Professor in the first scene of the film asks directly: â€Å"if a robot child loves his mother, is she expected to love him back?†-â€Å"Can a robot be loved?† The film maintains the same stance as Mary Shelley’s book by arguing that society is in fact to blame for the mistreatment of David.

Chemistry Energy Levels Essay

The energy of the subshell increases as follows:4s<4p<4d<4f * â€Å"4s† has the greatest probability of being close to the nucleus * Subshells are limited to # of electrons they can hold ( 2 electrons per orbital) s=21s orbital d=105d orbital p=63p orbitals f=147f orbitals Assessment * How many p subshells are in the 4th energy level (n=4)? 34px 4py 4pz * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4p subshell? each p subshell can hold 2 electrons and therefore there are 3p orbitals with 2 electrons * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4th energy 322n2=2(4)2 =2(16) =32 Creating Energy Level Diagrams * Used to show the relative energies of electrons in various orbitals under normal conditions * Each orbital is indicated by a separate circle/square * All orbitals of a given subshell have the same energy. Ie. The 3p orbitals in the 3p sublevels have the same energy * The spacing between successive subshells decreases as the number of subshells increases overlapping of shells having different values of n. Assessment 1. How many d orbitals exist? – 5 2. How many electrons can exist in the 3d orbitals? – 10-2 in each of the 5d orbitals 3. How many electrons can exist in the n=2 level? 8-remember 2n2=2(2)2=8 4. How many electrons can one 4f orbital hold? 14-2 in each of the 7f orbitals 5. Which has a higher energy a px, py, or pz orbital? They all have the same energy. 6. Which electron can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 3s? 3s electrons 7. Which electrons can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 2p. 2p is further. Fig. 3. 19 Arrow Orbital Notation Aka Orbital Diagrams * Use circles or squares for the orbitals and arrows for the electrons * RULES: * The Aufbau Principal- electrons will occupy lowest available energy level * Pauli Exclusion Principal- no two electrons have the same quantum numbers * Hund’s Rule – electrons remain unpaired for as long as possible. Ex: One electrons goes in each Px, Py, Pz, before they start to pair up Fig 3. 21 Electron Configuration – Provides the same information as an energy level diagram but in a more concise format. * Li: 1s2 2s1 C:1s2 2s2 2p2 * Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p? Use the following concept map to help to determine the filling order of the orbitals: * The similarity among elements within groups and the structure of the periodic table can be explained by electron configuration * Li: 1s2 2s1 * Na: 1s2 2s2 2p? 3s1 Short Hand Notation -Use symbol of noble gas with the same core electron configuration: Ex. Na [1s2 2s2 2p? ]3s1 Or [Ne] 3s1 Some unexpected Electron Configuration * Example: Cru and Cu Expected Actual Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d? Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d10 In each case, an electron is borrowed from the 4s subshell and placed in the 3d subshell. * Cr-3d subshell becomes half-filled * Cu-3d subshell becomes full * Half-filled and fully filled subshells tend to be more stable * Other expectations: Ag: [Kr] 4s2 3d10 Au: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Explaining Ion Charges * Remember s electrons are lost before d electrons when dealing with transition metals. Ex1. Zn Zn: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 Zn2+: [Ar] 3d10 (4s electrons are lost so that the 3d orbital remains full) Ex2. Pb Pb: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Pb2+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6p2 (The 6s electrons are lost) Pb4+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 (The 6p electrons are lost as well as the 6s electrons) Quantum Numbers * Electron waves (orbitals) can be characterized by a set quantum numbers, n, l, ml, ms Principle quantum number (n): * Identifies the energy of an electron in an orbital * All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell * Range from n=1 to n=infinity * Determines the size of the electron wave how far the wave extends from the nucleus * As n increases the energies of the orbitals also increase Secondary quantum number (l): Divides the shells into smaller groups called subshells * n determines the values of l * for any given n, l may range from l=0 to l=n-1 * identifies the shape of the orbital Value of l| 0| 1| 2| 3| Letter designation| s(shape)| p(principle)| d(diffuse)| f(fundamental)| Magnetic quantum number (ml): * splits the subshells into individual orbits * identifies the orientation of the orbital * for any given value of l, ml has a value ranging from +l to –l * e. g. If l=0, ml=0; for l=1, ml=+1, 0, -1 which correspond to the x, y and z orientations of the p orbitals.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT Essay

Chapter-V Accounts Receivable Management †¢ Introduction †¢ Goals of Receivable Management †¢ Credit Management †¢ Optimum Credit Policy †¢ Credit of Account Receivable 155 Introduction Accounts receivable represent the amount due form  customers (book debts) or debtors as a result of selling goods on credit. â€Å"The term debtors is defined as ‘debt’ owned to the firm by customers arising from sale of goods or services in the ordinary course of business.† The three characteristics of receivables the element of risk, economic value and futurity explain the basis and the need for efficient management of receivables. The element of risk should be carefully analyzed. Cash sales are totally riskless but not the credit sales, as the same has yet to be received. To the buyer the economic value in goods and services process immediately at the time of sale,  while the seller expect an equivalent value to be received later on. The cash payment for goods and services received by the  buyer will be made by him in a future period. The customer  from whom receivables or book debts have to be collected in  future are called Trade debtor and represent the firm’s claim on assets. Receivables management, also termed as credit management, deals with the formulation of credit policy, in  terms of liberal or restrictive, concerning credit standard and credit period, the discount offered for early payment and the 156 collection policy and procedures undertaken. It does so in such a way that taken together these policy variables determine an optimal level of investment in receivables where the return on that investment is maximum to the firm. The credit period extended by business firm usually ranges from 15 to 60 days. When goods are sold on credit, finished goods get converted  into accounts receivable (trade debtors) in the books of the seller. In the books of the buyer, the obligation arising from credit purchase is represented as accounts payable (trade creditors). â€Å"Accounts receivable is the total of all credit extended by a firm to its customer.† A firm’s investment in account receivable depends upon  how much it sells on credit and how long it takes to collect receivable. Accounts receivable (or sundry debtors) constitute the 3rd most important assets category for business firm after plant and equipment and inventories and also constitute the 2nd most important current assets category for business firm after inventories. Poor management of accounts receivables are: neglect of  various overdue account, sharp rise in the bad debt expense, and the collection of debts expense and taking the discount by customers even though they pay after the discount date and  even after the net date. Since accounts receivable represent a sizable  investment on the part of most firms in the case of  public enterprises in India it forms 16 to 20 per cent of current assets. Efficient management of these accounts can provide  considerable saving to the firm. 157 Factors involving in Receivable management: 1. The terms of credit granted to customers deemed creditworthy. 2. The policies and practices of the firm in determining which customers are to be granted credit. 3. The paying practices of credit customers. 4. The vigoir of the sellers, collection policies and practice. 5. The volume of credit sales. Goals of Receivable Management The basic goal of credit management is to maximize the  value of the firm by achieving a trade off between the liquidity (risk and profitability). The purpose of credit management is not to maximize sales, nor to minimize the risk of bad debt. If the objective were to maximize  sales, then the firm would sell on credit to all. On the contrary, if minimization of bad debt risk were the aim, then the firm would not sell on credit to anyone. In fact, the firm should manage its credit in such a way that sales are expanded to an extent to which risk remains  within an acceptable limit. Thus to achieve the goal of  maximizing the value, the firm should manage its trade credit. The efficient and effective credit management does help  to expand sales and can prove to be an effective tool of  marketing. It helps to retain old customers and win newcustomers. Well administrated credit means profitable credit accounts. The objectives of receivable management is to  promote sales and profits until that point is reached where the 158 return on investment is further funding of receivables is less than the cost of funds raised to finance that additional credit. Granting of credit and its management involve costs. To  maximize the value of the firm, these costs must be controlled. These thus include the credit administration expanses, b/d  losses and opportunity costs of the funds tied up in receivable. The aim of credit management should be to regulate and  control these costs, not to eliminate them altogether. The cost can be reduced to zero, if no credit is granted. But the profit foregone on the expected volume of sales arising due to the extension of credit. Debtors involve funds, which have an opportunity cost. Therefore, the investment in receivables or debtors should be optimized. Extending liberal credit pushes sales and thus  results in higher profitability but the increasing investment in debtors results in increasing cost. Thus a trade off should be sought between cost and benefits to bring investment in  debtors at an optimum level. Of course the level of debtors, to a great extent is influenced by external factors such as industry norms, level of business activity, seasonal factors and the  degree of completion. But there are a lot of internal factors include  credit  terms,  standards,  limits  and  collection  procedures. The internal factors should be well administered to optimize the investment in debtors. 159 Credit Management In order that the credit sales are properly managed it is necessary to determine following factors: 1. Credit Policy 2. Credit Evaluation of Individual Buyers 3. Credit Sanction Decisions 4. Control and Monitoring of Receivables Credit Policy The first stage of credit sales is to decide policy in which most important variable is whether credit sales should be made or not and if yes to what extent i.e. what percentage of sales should be done on cash and what percentage on credit. The  discussion with cement companies marketing and financà ©Ã‚  department clearly suggest that the credit policy is more  dependent upon market forces and less on company specially  in periods when there is excessive competition which has  happened a number of times in the history of cement industry after decontrol and manufactures have been forced to provide credit if they wanted full utilization of capacity. If in the market there is practice of providing credit, those companies who do not fall in line have lower sales and so lower utilization of instilled capacity. The management has to weigh whether it  should avoid risk of realization and problem of arranging  funds for larger sales on credit or decide for reduced capacity util ization thereby resulting in higher cost per tonne of cement produced. 160 Actually the policy should be based on cost benefit  analysis of these factors but often policy is decided without detailed calculations. In actual practice when one waits to push sales the marketing department pressurizes the management to provide liberal credit to buyers to realize sales targets. Credit Rating The second virtual point of credit policy is to whom to give credit and whom it should be denied. Whether it should be given to everyone or on selective basis? As per standards one can workout impact of credit sales on profits by following formulae: ∆P = ∆S (1-V) – K * ∆I – B, ∆S in the above formula ∆P = Change in profit ∆S = Change in sales V = Ratio of variable cost to sales K = Cost of capital i.e. interest cost of credit ∆I = Increase in receivables investment B = Bad debts ratio on additional sales The change in profits (∆P) is dependent upon ratio of variable cost and fixed cost and change in sales. The figure is worked out by deducting variable cost from sales i.e. sales  minus variable cost is change in profits. The above formula appears to be very simple but for  policy purposes it requires that policy maker should be able to estimate precisely the impact of credit on sales value, the  variable cost and bad debts besides the cost of capital. In practice besides the cost of capital, it is very difficult to measure extent of increase in sales as a result of credit and it is only broad estimate of sales department. Similarly, it is very difficult if not impossible to workout likely bad debts. The variable cost can be worked out with great precision if proper costing system is maintained. Because of difficulties in  quantifying various variables in the formulae often credit  policy is decided without working details on prevailing market conditions and the need of the company to push sales at a point of time. It has been by various companies that no details are worked. Credit Period The credit period is the time length for which seller agrees to provide credit to the buyers. It varies according to the practice of trade and varies between 15 to 60 days. In some  cases for an early payment pre-agreed discount is given to  induce buyer make an early payment. For late payment in the  agreement there is provision for interest payment by buyer. If credit is given for longer period it induces to push up sales but this is true only when one provides longer period credit than competitors. The customer-distributor, dealer, consumers is attracted to a firm who provides longer period credit. The impact of credit on profits and sales can be worked out from the following formula: ∆P= ∆S (1-V)*K*∆1-b, ∆S The various components are as under : 162 ∆ P= Change in profit ∆ S= Change in sales ∆ 1= Change in investments receivables V= Ratio of variable cost to sales K= Cost of giving credit b= bad debits ratio to increased credit The discussion with the industry suggests that they rarely take decision on period of credit based on formula. It is market conditions and practices in the trade, which decides the period of credit and hardly any calculations of cost are done. In practice it is marketing department whose advice plays an  important and deciding role. In the period when sales have to be pushed up more credit is provided and there is no uniform policy overtime. During rainy season (July-Sep.) when demand is generally slack more liberal credit is granted than rest of the year. Further, when stocks accumulate due to sluggish sales,  producers accept the terms of their customers and traders  about the period of credit but when market conditions are  tight, the seller becomes more strict in providing credit. Optimum Credit Policy Credit policy refers to those decision variables that influence the amount of trade credit i.e. the investment in receivables. The firm’s investment in receivable are affected by general economic conditions, industry norms, pace of technological change, competition etc. Though the firm has no control on these factors, yet they have a great impact on it and it can certainly influence the level of trade credit through its 163 credit policy within their constraints imposed externally. The purpose of any commercial enterprise is the earning of profit. Credit itself is utilized to increase sales, but sales must return a profit. Further, whenever some external factors change, the firm can accordingly adopt its credit policy. R.J. Chambers says, â€Å"The responsibility to administer credit and collection policies may be assigned to a financial executive or marketing executive or both of them jointly depending upon the original structure and the objectives of the firm.† Different types of credit policy are: 1. Loose or Expansive Credit Policy– Firms following this policy tend to sell on credit to customers very liberally. Credits are granted even to those whose credit worthiness is not proved, not known and are doubtful. Advantages of Loose or Expansive Credit Policy: (i) Increase in Sales (higher sales), (ii) Increase in profit (higher profit), Disadvantages of Loose or Expansive Credit Policy: (i) Heavy bad/debts. (ii) Problem of liquidity (iii) Increase in cost of credit management. 2. Tight or Restrictive Credit Policy– Firms following this policy are very selective in extending credit. They sell on credit, only to those customers who had proved credit worthiness. Advantages of Tight of Restrictive Credit Policy: (i) Minimize cost. (ii) Minimize chances of bad debts. 164 (iii) Higher sales in long run. (iv) Higher profit in long run. (v) Do not pose the serious problem of liquidity. Disadvantages of Tight or Restrictive Credit Policy: (i) Restrict Sales. (ii) Restrict Profit Margin. Benefits of Credit Extension: (i) Increases the sales of the firm. (ii) Makes the credit policy liberal. (iii) Increase the profits of the firm (iv) The market value of the firms share would rise. Cost of Credit Extension: (i) Bad debt losses (ii) Production and selling cost. (iii) Administrative expenses. (iv) Cash discounts and opportunity cost. Cost Benefit Trade off Profitability 165 Aspects of Credit Policy: (i) Credit terms (a) Credit Period (b) Cash Discounts (ii) Credit Standard (iii) Collection policy or collection efforts. (i) Credit terms – The stipulations under which the firm sells on credit to its customers are called credit terms. (a) Credit Period – The time duration for which credit is extended to the customers is referred to as credit period. It is the length of time for customers under which they are allowed to pay for their purchases. It is generally varies between 15-60 days. When a firm does not extend any credit the credit period would obviously be zero. It is generally stated in terms of a net date, for example, if firm allows 30 days of credit with no discount to induce early payments credit then its credit terms are stated at ‘net 30’. Usually the credit period of the firm is governed by industry norms, but firms can extend credit for  longer duration to stimulate sales. If the firm’s bad debts build up, it may tighten up its credit policy as against the industry norms. According to Martin H. Seidhen, â€Å"Credit period is the duration of time for which trade credit is extended. During this period the overdue amount must be paid by the customer. The  length of credit period directly affects the volume of  investment in receivables and indirectly the net worth of the company. A long credit period may blast sales but it also 166 increase investment in receivables and lowers the quality of trade credit.† (b) Cash Discounts – It is the another aspect of credit terms. Many firms offer to grant cash discount to their customers in order to induce them to pay their bill early. The cash discount terms indicate the rate of discount and the period for which discount has been offered. If a customer does not avail this offer, he is expected to make the payment by the net date. In the words of Martin H. Seiden â€Å"Cash Discount prevents debtors from using trade credit as a source of Working Capital.† Liberalizing the cash discount policy may mean that the discount percentage is increased and or the discount period is lengthened. Such an action tends to enhance sales (because the discount is regarded as price reduction), reduce the average collection period (as customers pay promptly). Cash Discount is a premium on payment of debts before due date and not a compensation for the so – called prompt payment. (iii) Credit Standard – The credit standard followed by the  firm has an impact of sales and receivables. The sales  and receivables level are likely to be high, if the credit  standard of the firm are relatively low. In contrast, if  the firm has relatively low credit standard, the sales  and receivables level are expected to be relatively  high. The firms credit standard are influenced by three  Ã¢â‚¬Å"C† of credit. (a) Character – the willingness of the  customers to pay, (b) Capacity – the ability of the  customers to pay, and (c) Condition – the prevailing  economic conditions. Normally a firm should lower its credit standards to the  extent profitability of increased sales exceed the associated costs. The cost arising due to credit standard realization are administrative cost of supervising additional accounts and  servicing increased volume of receivables, bad debt losses,  production and selling cost and cost resulting from the slower average collection period. The extent to which credit standard can be liberalized  should depend upon the matching between the profits arising  due to increased sales and cost to be incurred on the increased sales. (iii) Collection policy- This policy is needed because all  customers do not pay the firm’s bill in time. There are certain customers who are slow payers and some are non-payers. Therefore the collection policy should aim at accelerating  collections from slow payers and non-payers and reducing bad debt losses. According to R.K. Mishra, â€Å"A collection policy should  always  systematization  emphasize  in  promptness,  collection  efforts. It  regularity  will  and  have  a  psychological effect upon the customers, in that, it will make them realize the attitude of the seller towards the obligations granted.† The collection programme of the firm aimed at timely  collection of receivables, any consist of many things like  monitoring the state of receivable, despatch of letter to  customers whose due date is approaching, telegraphic and  telephone advice to customers around the due date, threat of legal action to overdue accounts, legal action against overdue accounts. The firm has to be very cautious in taking the steps in  order to collect from the slow paying customers. If the firm is strict in its collection policy with the permanent customers, who are temporarily slow payers due to their economic  conditions, they will get offended and may shift to competitors and the firm may loose its permanent business. In following an optimal collection policy the firm should compare the cost and benefits. The optimal credit policy will maximize the profit and will consistent with the objective of maximizing the value of the firm. Credit Evaluation Before granting credit to a prospective customers the  financial executive must judge, how creditworthy is the  customer. In judging the creditworthiness of a customer, often financial executive keep in mind as basic criteria the four (i) Capital –refers to the financial resources of a company as indicated primarily by the financial statement of the firm. (ii) Capacity – refers to the ability of the customers to pay on time. (iii) Character – refers to the reputation of the customer for honest and fair dealings. (iv) Collateral – represents the security offered by the customer in the form of mortgages. Credit evaluation involves a large number of activities  ranging from credit investigation to contact with customers, appraisal review, follow up, inspection and recovery. These  activities required decision-making skills which can partly be developed through experience but partly it has to be learned externally. This is particularly true in area of pre-credit  appraisal and post-credit follow up. It is an important element of credit management. It helps  in establishing credit terms. In assessing credit risk, two types of error occur – (i) A good customer is misclassified as a poor credit risk. (ii) A bad customer is misclassified as a good credit risk. Both the errors are costly. Type (i) leads to loss of profit on sales to good customer who are denied credit. Type (ii)  leads in bad debt losses on credit sales made to risky customer. While misclassification errors cannot be eliminated wholly, a firm can mitigate their occurrence by doing proper credit evaluation. Three broad approaches used for credit evaluation are: A. Traditional Credit Analysis – This approach to credit  analysis calls for assuming a prospective customer in terms of 5 of credit: (i) Character, (ii) Capacity, (iii) Capital, (iv) Collateral, and (v) Conditions. To get the information on the 5 firm may rely on the following. 1. Financial statements 2. Bank references 170 3. 4. Credit agencies 5. Experience of the firm 6. B. Trade references Prices and yields on securities Sequential Credit Analysis – This method is more efficient method than above method. In this analysis, investigation is carried further if the benefits of such analysis outweighs its cost. C. Numerical Credit Scoring – This system involves the following steps. 1. Identifying factors relevant for credit evaluation. 2. Assign weights to these factors that reflect their relative importance. 3. Rate the customer on various factors, using a suitable rating scale (usually a 5 pt. Scale or a 7pt. Scale is used). 4. For each factor, multiply the factor rating with the factor weight to get the factor score. 5. Add all the factors score to get the overall customer rating index. 6. Based on the rating index, classify the rating index. D. Discriminant Analysis – The credit index described above is somewhat ad hoc in nature and is based on weight which are subjective in nature. The nature of discriminate analysis may be employed to construct a better risk index. Under this analysis the customers are divided into two categories: 1. who pay the dues (X) 171 2. who have defaulted (O) The straight line seems to separate the x’s from o’s, not completely but does a fairly good job of segregating the two groups. The equation of this straight line is Z = 1 Current Ratio + 0.1 return on equity A customer with a Z score less than 3 is deemed credit worthy and a customer with a Z score less than 3 is considered not credit worthy i.e. the higher the Z score the stronger the credit rating. (V) Risk Classification Scheme – On the basis of information and analysis in the credit investigation process, customers may be classified into various risk categories. Risk Categories Description 1. Customers with no risk of default 2. Customer with negligible risk of default (< 2%) 3. Customer with less risk of default (2% to 5%) 4. Customer with some risk of default (5% to 10%) 5. Customer with significant risk of default (> 10%) Credit Granting Decision – After assessing the credit worthiness of a customer, next step is to take credit granting decision. There are two possibilities: (i) No repetition of order. Profit = P (Rev-Cost) – (1-P) Cost 172 Where P is the probability that the customer pays his dues, (1-P) is the probability that the customer defaults, Rev is revenue for sale and cost is the cost of goods sold. The expected profit for the refuse credit is O. Obviously, if the expected profit of the course of action offer credit is positive, it is desirable to extend credit otherwise not. Customer pays (Rev-cost) Offer credit Customer default (1-P) Refuse credit (ii) Repeat Order – In this case, this would only be accepted only if the customer does not default on the first order. Under this, once the customer pays for the first order, the probability that he would default on the second order is less than the probability of his defaulting on the first order. The expected profit of offering credit in this case. Expected profit on initial order + Probability of payment and repeat order x expected profit on repeat order. [P1 (Rev1 – Cost1)-(1-P1) Cost1] + P1 x [P2(Rev2-Cost2)-(1P2) Cost2] The optimal credit policy, and hence the optimal level of accounts receivable, depends upon the firm’s own unique operating conditions. Thus a firm with excess capacity and low variable production cost should extend credit more liberally and carry a higher level of accounts receivable than a firm operating a full capacity on a slim profit margin. When a sale is made, the following events occur: 173 (1) Inventories are reduced by the cost of goods sold. (2) Accounts receivable are increased by the sales price, and (3) The differences is recorded as a profit. If the sale is for cash. Generally two methods have been commonly suggested for monitoring accounts receivable. (1) Traditional Approach (a) (b) (2) Average collection period Aging Schedule Collection Margin approach or Payment Pattern Approach (a) Average Collection Period (AC): It is also called Day Sales Outstanding (DSOI) at a given time ‘t’ may define as the ratio of receivable outstanding at that time to average daily sales figure. ACP = Accounts receivable at time â€Å"t† Average daily sales According to this method accounts receivable are deemed to be in control if the ACP is equal to or less than a certain norm. If the value of ACP exceed the specified norm, collections are considered to be slow. If the company had made cash sales as well as credit sales, we would have concentrated on credit sales only, and calculate average daily credit sales. The widely used index of the efficiency of credit and collections is the collection period of number of days sales 174 outstanding in receivable. The receivable turnover is simply ACP/360 days. Thus if receivable turnover is six times a year, the collection period is necessarily 60 days. (b) Aging Schedule – An aging schedule breaks down a firm’s receivable by age of account. The purpose of classifying receivables by age group is to gain a closer control over the quality of individual accounts. It requires going back to the receivables’ ledger where the dates of each customer’s purchases and payments are available. To evaluate the receivable for control purpose, it may be considered desirable to compare this information with earlier age classification in that very firm and also to compare this information with the experience of other firms of same nature. Financial executives get such schedule prepared at periodic intervals for control purpose. So we can say Aging Schedule classifies outstanding accounts receivable at a given point of time into different age brackers. The actual aging schedule of the firm is compared with some standard aging schedule to determine whether accounts receivable are in control. A problem is indicated if the actual aging schedule shows a greater proportion of receivable, compared with the standard aging schedule, in the higher age group. An inter firm comparison of aging schedule of debtors is possible provided data relating to monthly sales and collection experience of competitive firm are available. This tool, 175 therefore, cannot be used by an external analyst who has got no approach to the details of receivable. The above both approaches have some deficiencies. Both methods are influenced by pattern of sales and payment behaviour of customer. The aging schedule is distorted when the payment relating to sales in any month is unusual, even though payment relating to sales in other months are normal. II. Payment Pattern Approach – This pattern is developed to measure any changes that might be occurring in customer’s payment behaviour. It is defined in terms of proportion or percentage. For analyzing the payment pattern of several months, it is necessary to prepare a conversion matrix which shows the credit sales in each month and the pattern of collection associated with it. The payment pattern approach is not dependent on sales level. It focuses on the key issue, the payment behaviour. It enables one to analyze month by month pattern as against the combined sales and payment patterns. From the collection pattern, one can judge whether the collection is improving, stable, or deteriorating. A secondary analysis is that it provides a historical record of collection percentage that can be useful in projecting monthly receipts for each budgeting period. Control of Accounts Receivable Some of the important techniques for controlling accounts receivable are ratio analysis, discriminate analysis, 176 decision tree approach, and electronic data processing. Information system with regard to receivables turnover, age of each account, progress of collection size of bad debt losses, and number of delinquent accounts is also used as one of the control measures. Ratio analysis is widely used in the control of accounts receivable. Some of the important ratios used for this purpose are discussed below: (1) Average collection Period (Receivables x 365/Annual Credit Sales): The average collection period indicates the average time it takes to convert receivables into cash. Too low an average collection period may reflect an excessively restrictive credit policy and suggest the need for relaxing credit standards for an acceptable account. On the other hand too high an average collection period may indicate an excessively liberal credit policy leading to a large number of receivables being past due and some being not collectable. (2) Receivables Turnover Sales/Receivables): (Annual Credit This ratio also indicates the slowness of receivables. Both the average collection period ratio and receivables ratio must be analyzed in relation to the billing terms given on the sales. If the turnover rates are not satisfactory when compared with prior experience, average industry turnover and turnover ratios of comparable companies in the same industry, an analysis should be made to determine whether there is any 177 laxity in the credit policy or whether the problem is in collection policy. (3) Receivables to Sales (Receivables/Annual Credit Sales x 100) Receivables can be expected to fluctuate in direct relation to the volume of sales, provided that sales terms and collection practices do not change. The tendency towards more lenient credit extension as would be suggested by slackening of collections and increase in the number of slow paying accounts needs to be detected by carefully watching the relationship of receivables to sales. When credit sales figures for a period are not available, total sales figures may be used. The receivables figures in the calculation ordinarily represent year-end receivables. In the case of firms with seasonal sales, year-end receivables figures may be deceptive. Therefore, an average of the monthly closing balances figures may be more reliable. (4) Receivables as percentage of Current (Receivables/Total Current Assets Investment) Assets The ratio explains the amount of receivables per rupee of current asset investment and its size in current assets. Comparison of the ratio over a period offers an index of a firm’s changing policies with regard to the level of receivables in the working capital. Some other ratios are: 1. Size of receivable = receivable/total current assets 2. Size of debtors = debtors/total current assets 178 3. Size of loans and advances = loans and advances/total current assets The size of receivables of selected companies has been given in table 5.1 Table 5.1 Size of Receivables of the Selected Cement Companies for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08 Year ACC Mangalam Gujarat Ambuja 0.52 0.35 0.43 0.35 0.46 0.52 0.43 0.54 0.38 0.54 0.44 0.46 Shree Cement 0.58 0.55 0.63 0.61 0.66 0.61 India Cement 0.54 0.72 0.79 0.84 0.87 0.75 Industry Average 0.53 0.53 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.58 2003-04 0.68 2004-05 0.61 2005-06 0.67 2006-07 0.64 2007-08 0.62 Company 0.64 Average Source: Based on data provided annual Reports of the cement companies. The size of receivable of all the cement companies shows  fluctuating trend throughout the study period except Gujarat Ambuja, and Shree. Both the companies show increasing trend. The minimum size of receivable in ACC is 0.61 (2004-05),  Mangalam is 0.38 (2007-08), Gujarat Amubja is 0.35 (2003-04 and 2004-05), Shree Cement is 0.55 (2004-05) and in India  Cement is 0.54 (2003-04). The maximum size of receivable in  ACC is 0.66 (2003-04), Mangalam is 0.52 (2003-04), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.54 (2007-08), and Shree cement is 0.66 (2007-08) and in India cement is 0.87 (2007-08). The study of the  composition of receivables is a very important tool to evaluate  the management of receivables. It assists to show the point where receivables are concentrated most. The size of sundry debtors in cement manufacturing   companies in India has been computed and presented in the table 5.2. Table 5.2 Size of Sundry Debtors of the Selected Cement Companies  for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08 Shree Cement 0.22 India Cement 0.11 Industry 0.21 Mangalam Gujarat Ambuja 0.34 0.05 2004-05 0.29 0.32 0.05 0.33 0.08 0.22 2005-06 0.32 0.34 0.07 0.32 0.11 0.23 2006-07 0.28 0.31 0.08 0.27 0.14 0.22 2007-08 0.27 0.21 0.09 0.26 0.12 0.19 Company 0.28 0.30 0.07 0.28 0.11 0.21 Year ACC 2003-04 0.19 Average Source: Based on data based on Annual Report of Cement Company It is evident from the table 5.2 that the size of sundry  debtors in ACC, India Cement, Mangalam and Shree show fluctuating trend throughout the study period. Percentage to current assets was highest to 0.32 in ACC in 2005-06 and  highest 0.33 in Shree in 2004-05. Gujarat Ambuja shows  increasing trend throughout the study period. The percentage of sundry debtors to current assets where reduced shows that in those years the speed of increase in current assets was much more than that of the sundry debtors. The size of receivable of all the cement companies shows fluctuating trend throughout  the study period except Gujarat Amubja. The minimum size of  receivable in ACC is 0.21 (2003-04), Mangalam is 0.21 (2007-08), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.05 (2003-04 and 2004-05), Shree cement is 0.22 (2003-04) and in India Cement is 0.08 (2004-05). The  maximum size of receivable in ACC is 0.32 (2005-06),  Mangalam is 0.34 (2003-04 and 2005-06), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.09 (2007-08), and Shree Cement is 0.33 (2004-05) and in India Cement is 0.14 (2006-07). The average collection period of selected cement  companies has been given in table 5.3 Table 5.3 Average Collection Period in Selected Cement Companies for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08 (in days) Year ACC Mangalam Gujarat Ambuja Shree 1999-00 34 36 7 46 India Cement 18 2000-01 43 36 7 47 20 2001-02 43 33 8 49 22 2002-03 41 27 10 48 37 2003-04 26 28 10 37 47 Company 39 32 8 45 29 Average Source: Based on data provided in Appendix The minimum Average Collection Period in ACC is 34 (2003-04), Mangalam is 27 (2006-07), Gujarat Ambuja is 7 (200304 and 2004-05), Shree Cement is 37 (2007-08) and in India Cement is 18 (2003-04). The maximum Average Collection Period in ACC is 43 (2004-05 and 2005-06), Mangalam is 36 (2003-04 and 2004-05), Gujarat Ambuja is 10 (2006-07) and  2007-08), and Shree Cement is 49 (2005-06) and in India Cement is 47 (2007-08). 181 The Creditor turnover of selected cement companies has been given in the table 5.4. Table 5.4 Creditor turnover of Selected Cement Companies or the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08 Shree 11.10 Mangalam Gujarat Ambuja 8.77 1.12 1.63 India Cement 1.40 Industry Average 4.80 2004-05 12.60 6.98 0.71 1.15 1.38 4.56 2005-06 12.93 5.80 0.63 1.41 1.09 4.37 2006-07 12.19 5.48 0.95 1.93 0.97 4.30 2007-08 13.42 3.71 0.73 1.58 0.90 4.07 Company 12.45 6.15 0.83 1.54 1.15 4.42 Year ACC 2003-04 Average Source: Based on data based on Annual Report of the cement companies It is evident from the table 5.4 that Creditor turnover in ACC and Gujarat Ambuja and Shree fluctuating trend. Mangalam and India Cement show decreasing trend all over  the study period. The minimum Creditor turnover in ACC is 1.10 (2003-04), Mangalam is 3.71 (2007-08), Gujarat Ambuja is 0.62 (2005-06), Shree Cement is 1.15 (2004-05) and in India Cement is 0.90 (2007-08). The maximum Creditor turnover in ACC is 13.42 (2007-08), Mangalam is 8.77 (2003-04), Gujarat Ambuja is 1.12 (2003-04), and Shree Cement is 1.93 (2006-07) and in India Cement is 1.40 (2003-04). The  debtors  turnover  in  cement  manufacturing  companies in India has been computed and presented in thetable 5.5. 182 Table 5.5 Size of Receivable of Selected Cement Companies  for the years from 2003-04 to 2007-08 Year ACC 10.65 Mangalam Gujarat Ambuja 10.21 50.26 2003-04 2004-05 8.58 10.21 2005-06 8.45 2006-07 2007-08 Shree 7.90 India Cement 20.45 Industry Average 19.89 52.07 7.78 17.85 19.30 11.19 44,17 7.47 16.66 17.59 8.95 13.64 36.79 7.67 9.92 15.39 10.20 13.06 37.41 9.94 7.73 15.67 Company 9.37 11.66 44.14 8.15 14.52 17.57 Average Source: Based on data based on Annual Report of the Cement Companies It is evident from the table 5.5 that the debtors turnover in ACC is fluctuating maintains approximately a fixed level. Mangalam and Gujarat Ambuja show fluctuating trend  throughout the study period. Debtors turnover was highest to 13.64 in Mangalam and 9.94 in Shree in 2006-07 and 2007-08  respectively. India Cement shows decreasing trend throughout the study period. The minimum debtors turnover in ACC is 8.45 (2005-06), Mangalam is 10.21 (2003-04 and 2004-05),  Gujarat Ambuja is 36,79 (2002-03), Shree Cement is 7.47 (200506) and in India Cement is 7.73 (2007-08). The maximum debtors turnover in ACC is 10.65 (2003-04), Mangalam is 13.64 (2006-07), Gujarat Ambuja is 52.07 (2004-05), and Shree Cement is 9.94 (2007-08) and in India Cement is 20-45 (2003-04). 183 Select References: O.M. Introduction to Financial Management (Homewood illnois: Richard D. Irwin, 1978). Lawerence D. Schal and Charles W. Haley, Financial Management, 3rd Edition. New York, McGraw Hill, 1973). S.E Bolten, Managerial Finance, (Boston: Houghton Mitten Co., 1976). R.J. Chambers, Financial Management, (Sydney: GTE Law Book Company Ltd,. 1967). Joseph L. Wood, ‘Credit and Collections’ in Daris Lillian, ed., Business Finance Handbook, (Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 1962. Martin H. Seiden, The Quality of Trade Credit (New York : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964. Theodore N. Backman, Credit and Collection: Management and Theory (New York : McGraw Hill Book Company, 1962). 184